我国木质林产品贸易与森林生态安全耦合度研究

“两头在外”是我国林产品贸易的典型特征, 它意味着对国内和国外森林资源的大量消耗。木质林产品贸易和森林生态安全的协调是开放条件下实现我国森林可持续发展的必经之路。文中运用耦合理论研究1961-2010年我国木质林产品贸易和森林生态安全之间的协调问题, 结论认为:1)2004之前森林生态安全指数高于木质林产品贸易指数, 2005-2008年则低于木质林产品贸易指数, 1991年之后木质林产品贸易指数的波动幅度显著大于森林生态安全指数。2)1961-1999年森林生态安全指数与木质林产品贸易指数的协调状态在初级协调和勉强协调之间波动; 2000年之后二者的协调进入稳定阶段, 并在2003年由初级协调进入中级协调阶段。     

Lack of acute toxicity of an anthraquinone bird repellent to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations

Aeroz™ (9,10-anthraquinone (AQ)), a chemical rice seed treatment that effectively deters birds from depredating newly planted fields, could be an important management tool that enables rice producers to plant earlier in the season and increase yields. This bird repellent, while non-lethal to birds, has unknown toxicity to crayfish that often are closely integrated with rice production in southern regions of the USA. This study was conducted to assess if AQ, the active ingredient in Aeroz™, could be acutely toxic to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard), the crayfish species most often associated with rice cultivation, via seed ingestion and/or through their contact with chemical in pond water. Mortality data from a 96 h feeding study indicate that AQ-treated (1.76% by wt) rice seed was not acutely toxic to juvenile (∼3 mo.) crayfish through the ingestion exposure route. In addition, a 96 h aquatic acute toxicity test showed that the LC₅₀ of AQ in juvenile crayfish is >85 μg L⁻¹ and above the water solubility limit of AQ. These results indicate that very minimal, if any, acute toxicity would be observed in juvenile crayfish if exposed to AQ via ingestion or dissolved or suspended in the water column.     

Are more productive varieties of Paspalum dilatatum less tolerant to drought?

Paspalum dilatatum Poir., is a perennial C₄ grass widely distributed in the Argentinean Pampas. The response to water availability for materials developed with forage‐production purposes is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic differences between commercial varieties are reflected in their regrowth capacity under water stress. The effect of five levels of constant water supply on three plant varieties (two derived from apomictic materials: ‘Relincho’ and ‘Alonso’ and one from sexually‐derived material: ‘Primo’) were examined in the greenhouse. Leaf‐ and plant‐response traits were followed during 38 d after a single defoliation event. Seven response variables were measured: three of them were morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation duration) and four were structural (number of live leaves, lamina length, tiller biomass and tiller production). The sexual material showed higher values for growth variables than the apomictic varieties (leaf elongation rate, leaf length and tiller biomass) across the environmental range. Apomictic varieties showed a proportionally similar drought response to the sexual material for the seven variables. No intra‐specific trade‐off (statistical interaction) was found between growth under high water availability conditions and drought tolerance.     

Contamination of internationally traded wheat by herbicide‐resistant Lolium rigidum

As herbicide‐resistant weeds have spread in the agricultural fields of grain‐exporting countries, their seeds could be introduced into other countries as contaminants in imported grain. The spread of resistance genes through seed and pollen can cause significant economic loss. In order to assess the extent of the problem, we investigated the contamination by herbicide‐resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) of wheat imported from Western Australia into Japan. Annual ryegrass seeds were recovered from wheat shipments and seed bioassays were conducted to identify resistance to the herbicides that are commonly used in Australia: diclofop‐methyl, sethoxydim, chlorsulfuron, and glyphosate. Nearly 4500 ryegrass seeds were detected in 20 kg of wheat that was imported in both 2006 and 2007. About 35% and 15% of the seeds were resistant to diclofop‐methyl, 5% and 6% were resistant to sethoxydim, and 56% and 60% were resistant to chlorsulfuron in 2006 and 2007, respectively. None was resistant to glyphosate in either year. As the contamination of crops by herbicide‐resistant weeds is probably a common phenomenon, the monitoring of incoming grain shipments is necessary to stem the further spread of herbicide‐resistant weeds into importing countries.     

清代澳门茶叶贸易衰落之分析

澳门开中国茶叶出口贸易之先河,是我国首个茶叶出口港。目前,对清代茶叶出口贸易的研究主要集中在广州"十三行"和福建(泉州与厦门)与东南亚的贸易等方面,而对当时澳门地区的茶叶贸易情况缺乏研究。本文分析了澳门茶叶贸易由盛到衰的历程,阐明了澳门作为中国首个茶叶出口港在中国茶叶贸易发展历史上的重要地位,探讨了澳门茶叶贸易衰落的历史和社会原因。     

虚拟水贸易理论浅析

"虚拟水"是保障国家粮食安全,维护社会稳定,促进社会经济可持续发展的重大举措。"虚拟水贸易"可以作为跨流域调水的补充,在保障缺水地区水安全方面发挥重要作用。从"虚拟水"以及"虚拟水贸易"的界定出发,阐述了其必要性,从政府角色定位上和建设虚拟水贸易上来分析具重要性。     

蓝色贸易壁垒探析

近年来贸易自由化程度不断提高,但一些发达国家正力图构筑起一种新型的贸易壁垒———蓝色贸易壁垒。我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,出口产品以劳动密集型产品为主,劳动力廉价是我国出口产品的比较优势所在,而这正是蓝色贸易壁垒针对的主要对象。在分析我国遭遇蓝色贸易壁垒的现状和必然性的基础上,探讨蓝色贸易壁垒对我国外贸、国际收支平衡以及劳动者3个方面的影响,并从国际和国内2个层面提出应对蓝色贸易壁垒的策略。     

关于北京市东北旺农场职工合法权益保护机制建立情况的调研报告

为更好地掌握情况,了解实情,使职工的合法利益得到有效地落实,工会的维权职能能够落实到位,北京市东北旺农场工会专门下发了500份关于职工合法权益落实情况的调查问卷,提出工会工存在的问题及解决措施。     

广西野生动物非法利用和走私的种类初步调查

广西独特的地理位置使得广西成为全国野生动物贸易的集散地之一。为了解广西野生动物的走私种类及其季节性变化,作者统计了广西2007～2008年已破获的非法利用和走私野生动物案件涉及的种类及其季节性变化。结果表明2007和2008年分别查获案件54起和61起。野生动物走私和非法案件中涉及种类共有71种,隶属15目33科,其中两栖类2种,占所有种数的2.8%;爬行类27种（蜥蜴类8种、龟鳖类5种、鳄类1种、蛇类13种）,占38.0%;鸟类25种,占35.2%;哺乳类17种,占23.9%。2007和2008年查获的非法利用和走私野生动物分别是56种和32种,非法利用或走私的种类主要是珍稀濒危的种类,数量大,种类多。广西的野生动物走私和非法利用需要引起关注。     

2009—2010年大麦产业技术现状与发展趋势

概述了2009年国内外大麦生产与贸易现状、国内外大麦生产技术研发进展以及国内大麦产业存在的问题,分析了2010年大麦产业发展趋势。2009年我国大麦面积和产量分别为1.4×10⁶ hm²和5.5×10⁶ t,取得4项省部级奖成果、3个品种授权和8项专利公告。我国大麦产业主要存在优质专用大麦育种效率较低、生产栽培技术滞后、食用和饲用加工技术缺乏、产供销流通环节混乱等问题。建议政府重视大麦生产、建设大麦优势产区、形成产业链共赢合作关系、加快培育优质专用大麦新品种、加强栽培与食品加工技术研发,促进大麦产业健康稳定发展。